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| | [TERMINÉ] HISTOIRE DETAILLEE DE LA PROHIBITION (JU) | |
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THE KING IN THE NORTH admin à la hache
Messages : 297 Date d'inscription : 13/12/2013 Localisation : I ♥ CPH
| Sujet: [TERMINÉ] HISTOIRE DETAILLEE DE LA PROHIBITION (JU) Mar 1 Avr - 13:31 | |
| Liens : - http://www.history.com/topics/prohibition- http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade30.html- http://americanhistory.about.com/- http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1085.html FACTS about this decade (1930) Population: 123,188,000 in 48 states Life Expectancy: Male, 58.1; Female, 61.6 Average salary: $1,368 Unemployment rises to 25% Huey Long propses a guaranteed annual income of $2,500 Car Sales: 2,787,400 Food Prices: Milk, 14 cents a qt.; Bread, 9 cents a loaf; Round Steak, 42 cents a pound Lynchings: 21 - Spoiler:
ORIGINS OF PROHIBITION In the 1820s and ’30s, a wave of religious revivalism swept the United States, leading to increased calls for temperance, as well as other “perfectionist” movements such as the abolition of slavery. In 1838, the state of Massachusetts passed a temperance law banning the sale of spirits in less than 15-gallon quantities; though the law was repealed two years later, it set a precedent for such legislation. Maine passed the first state prohibition law in 1846, and a number of other states had followed suit by the time the Civil War began in 1861.
Did You Know? In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated the incumbent President Herbert Hoover, who once called Prohibition "the great social and economic experiment, noble in motive and far reaching in purpose." Some say FDR celebrated the repeal of Prohibition by enjoying a dirty martini, his preferred drink.
By the turn of the century, temperance societies were a common fixture in communities across the United States. Women played a strong role in the temperance movement, as alcohol was seen as a destructive force in families and marriages. In 1906, a new wave of attacks began on the sale of liquor, led by the Anti-Saloon League (established in 1893) and driven by a reaction to urban growth, as well as the rise of evangelical Protestantism and its view of saloon culture as corrupt and ungodly. In addition, many factory owners supported prohibition in their desire to prevent accidents and increase the efficiency of their workers in an era of increased industrial production and extended working hours.
PASSAGE OF THE PROHIBITION AMENDMENT In 1917, after the United States entered World War I, President Woodrow Wilson instituted a temporary wartime prohibition in order to save grain for producing food. That same year, Congress submitted the 18th Amendment, which banned the manufacture, transportation and sale of intoxicating liquors, for state ratification. Though Congress had stipulated a seven-year time limit for the process, the amendment received the support of the necessary three-quarters of U.S. states in just 11 months.
Ratified on January 29, 1919, the 18th Amendment went into effect a year later, by which time no fewer than 33 states had already enacted their own prohibition legislation. In October 1919, Congress passed the National Prohibition Act, which provided guidelines for the federal enforcement of Prohibition. Championed by Representative Andrew Volstead of Mississippi, the chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, the legislation was more commonly known as the Volstead Act.
ENFORCEMENT OF PROHIBITION Both federal and local government struggled to enforce Prohibition over the course of the 1920s. Enforcement was initially assigned to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and was later transferred to the Justice Department. In general, Prohibition was enforced much more strongly in areas where the population was sympathetic to the legislation–mainly rural areas and small towns–and much more loosely in urban areas. Despite very early signs of success, including a decline in arrests for drunkenness and a reported 30 percent drop in alcohol consumption, those who wanted to keep drinking found ever-more inventive ways to do it. The illegal manufacturing and sale of liquor (known as “bootlegging”) went on throughout the decade, along with the operation of “speakeasies” (stores or nightclubs selling alcohol), the smuggling of alcohol across state lines and the informal production of liquor (“moonshine” or “bathtub gin”) in private homes.
In addition, the Prohibition era encouraged the rise of criminal activity associated with bootlegging. The most notorious example was the Chicago gangster Al Capone, who earned a staggering $60 million annually from bootleg operations and speakeasies. Such illegal operations fueled a corresponding rise in gang violence, including the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in Chicago in 1929, in which several men dressed as policemen (and believed to be have associated with Capone) shot and killed a group of men in an enemy gang.
PROHIBITION COMES TO AN END The high price of bootleg liquor meant that the nation’s working class and poor were far more restricted during Prohibition than middle or upper class Americans. Even as costs for law enforcement, jails and prisons spiraled upward, support for Prohibition was waning by the end of the 1920s. In addition, fundamentalist and nativist forces had gained more control over the temperance movement, alienating its more moderate members.
With the country mired in the Great Depression by 1932, creating jobs and revenue by legalizing the liquor industry had an undeniable appeal. Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for president that year on a platform calling for Prohibition’s appeal, and easily won victory over the incumbent President Herbert Hoover. FDR’s victory meant the end for Prohibition, and in February 1933 Congress adopted a resolution proposing a 21st Amendment to the Constitution that would repeal the 18th. The amendment was submitted to the states, and in December 1933 Utah provided the 36th and final necessary vote for ratification. Though a few states continued to prohibit alcohol after Prohibition’s end, all had abandoned the ban by 1966.
Dernière édition par Danmark / Søren le Mer 2 Avr - 8:15, édité 1 fois |
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Messages : 297 Date d'inscription : 13/12/2013 Localisation : I ♥ CPH
| Sujet: Re: [TERMINÉ] HISTOIRE DETAILLEE DE LA PROHIBITION (JU) Mar 1 Avr - 13:32 | |
| - Spoiler:
Prohibition was the period in United States history in which the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors was outlawed. It was a time characterized by speakeasies, glamor, and gangsters and a period of time in which even the average citizen broke the law. Temperance Movements After the American Revolution, drinking was on the rise. To combat this, a number of societies were organized as part of a new Temperance movement which attempted to dissuade people from becoming intoxicated. At first, these organizations pushed moderation, but after several decades, the movement's focus changed to complete prohibition of alcohol consumption. The Temperance movement blamed alcohol for many of society's ills, especially crime and murder. Saloons, a social haven for men who lived in the still untamed West, were viewed by many, especially women, as a place of debauchery and evil. Prohibition, members of the Temperance movement urged, would stop husbands from spending all the family income on alcohol and prevent accidents in the workplace caused by workers who drank during lunch. The 18th Amendment Passes In the beginning of the 20th century, there were Temperance organizations in nearly every state. By 1916, over half of the U.S. states already had statutes that prohibited alcohol. In 1919, the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibited the sale and manufacture of alcohol, was ratified. It went into effect on January 16, 1920. The Volstead Act While it was the 18th Amendment that established Prohibition, it was the Volstead Act (passed on October 28, 1919) that clarified the law. The Volstead Act stated that "beer, wine, or other intoxicating malt or vinous liquors" meant any beverage that was more than 0.5% alcohol by volume. The Act also stated that owning any item designed to manufacture alcohol was illegal and it set specific fines and jail sentences for violating Prohibition. Loopholes There were, however, several loopholes for people to legally drink during Prohibition. For instance, the 18th Amendment did not mention the actual drinking of liquor. Since Prohibition went into effect a full year after the 18th Amendment's ratification, many people bought cases of then-legal alcohol and stored them for personal use. The Volstead Act allowed alcohol consumption if it was prescribed by a doctor. Needless to say, large numbers of new prescriptions were written for alcohol. Gangsters and Speakeasies For people who didn't buy cases of alcohol in advance or know a "good" doctor, there were illegal ways to drink during Prohibition. A new breed of gangster arose during this period. These people took notice of the amazingly high level of demand for alcohol within society and the extremely limited avenues of supply to the average citizen. Within this imbalance of supply and demand, gangsters saw profit. Al Capone in Chicago is one of the most famous gangsters of this time period. These gangsters would hire men to smuggle in rum from the Caribbean (rumrunners) or hijack whiskey from Canada and bring it into the U.S. Others would buy large quantities of liquor made in homemade stills. The gangsters would then open up secret bars (speakeasies) for people to come in, drink, and socialize. During this period, newly hired Prohibition agents were responsible for raiding speakeasies, finding stills, and arresting gangsters, but many of these agents were under-qualified and underpaid leading to a high rate of bribery. Attempts to Repeal the 18th Amendment Almost immediately after the ratification of the 18th Amendment, organizations formed to repeal it. As the perfect world promised by the Temperance movement failed to materialize, more people joined the fight to bring back liquor. The anti-Prohibition movement gained strength as the 1920s progressed, often stating that the question of alcohol consumption was a local issue and not something that should be in the Constitution. Additionally, the Stock Market Crash in 1929 and the beginning of the Great Depression started changing people's opinion. People needed jobs. The government needed money. Making alcohol legal again would open up many new jobs for citizens and additional sales taxes for the government. The 21st Amendment Is Ratified On December 5, 1933, the 21st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified. The 21st Amendment repealed the 18th Amendment, making alcohol once again legal. This was the first and only time in U.S. history that an Amendment has been repealed.
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Messages : 297 Date d'inscription : 13/12/2013 Localisation : I ♥ CPH
| Sujet: Re: [TERMINÉ] HISTOIRE DETAILLEE DE LA PROHIBITION (JU) Mar 1 Avr - 13:32 | |
| - Spoiler:
U.S. Prohibition Era: January 16, 1920 through December 5, 1933 The prohibition of alcohol in the 1920's and 30's in the United States is one of most famous, or infamous, times in recent American history. The intention was to reduce the consumption of alcohol by eliminating businesses that manufactured, distributed and sold it. Considered by many as a failed social and political experiment, the era changed the way many Americans view alcoholic beverages, enhancing the realization that federal government control cannot always take the place of personal responsibility.
We associate the era with gangsters, bootleggers, speakeasies, rum-runners and an overall chaotic situation in respect to the social network of Americans. The period began in 1920 with general acceptance by the public and ended in 1933 as the result of the public's annoyance of the law and the ever-increasing enforcement nightmare.
Leading up to Prohibition
Temperance movements had long been active in the American political scene but the movement first became organized in the 1840's by religious denominations, primarily Methodists. This initial campaign started out strong and made a small amount of progress throughout the 1850's but shortly thereafter lost strength.
The dry movement saw a revival in the 1880's due to the increased campaigning of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (est. 1874) and the Prohibition Party (est. 1869). In 1893 the Anti-Saloon League was established and these three influential groups were the primary advocates for the eventual passage of the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution.
After the turn of the century, states and counties throughout the United States began passing local alcohol prohibition laws. Most of these early laws were passed in the rural South and stemmed from the concern of the behavior of those who drank as well as the culture of certain growing populations within the country, particularly the European immigrants.
The first World War added fuel to the dry movement's fire as the belief spread that the brewing and distilling industries were diverting precious grain, molasses and labor from wartime production. Beer took the biggest hit due to anti-German sentiment and names like Pabst, Schlitz and Blatz reminded people of the enemy American soldiers were fighting overseas.
On the other side of the coin, the industry itself was bringing about its own demise and fueling the fire of the prohibitionists. Shortly before the turn of the century the brewing industry saw a boom due to new technology that increased distribution and provided cold beer through mechanized refrigeration. Pabst, Annheuser Busch and other brewers sought to increase their market by inundating the American cityscape with saloons. To sell beer and whiskey by the glass as opposed to by the bottle increased profits and the companies took hold of this logic by starting their own saloons, paying saloonkeepers to stock only their beer and punishing uncooperative keepers by offering their best bartenders an establishment of their own next door that would sell the brewer's brand exclusively.
This line of thinking was so out of control that at one time there was one saloon for every 150-200 people (including non-drinkers). These "unrespectable" establishments were often dirty and the competition for customers was growing. Saloonkeepers would try to lure patrons, particularly young men, by offering free lunches, gambling, cockfighting, prostitution and other "immoral" activities and services in their establishments.
The 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified by 36 states on January 16, 1919, and took affect one year later, beginning the era of prohibition.
The first section of the amendment reads: “After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.”
Essentially, the 18th Amendment took the business licenses away from every brewer, distiller, vintner, wholesaler and retailer of alcoholic beverages in the United States in an attempt to reform an “unrespectable” segment of the population. Three months before it was to take effect, the Volstead Act, otherwise known as the National Prohibition Act of 1919, was passed and gave power to the “Commissioner of Internal Revenue, his assistants, agents, and inspectors” to enforce the 18th Amendment. The 18th Amendment is the only constitutional amendment that was repealed by another amendment (the 21st Amendment).
While it was illegal to manufacture or distribute “beer, wine, or other intoxicating malt or vinous liquors” it was not illegal to possess it for personal use. The provision allowed Americans to possess alcohol in their homes and partake with family and guests as long as it stayed inside and was not distributed, traded or even given away to anyone outside the home.
Another interesting provision to prohibition was that alcohol was available via a physician’s prescription. For centuries liquor had been used for medicinal purposes, in fact many of the liqueurs we know today were first developed as miracle cures for various ailments. Despite the fact that in 1916 whiskey and brandy were removed from The Pharmacopeia of the United States of America and in 1917 the American Medical Association stated that alcohol “…use in therapeutics as a tonic or stimulant or for food has no scientific value…” and voted in support of prohibition, there was still a belief in liquor's medicinal benefits among many.
Because of this established belief that liquor could cure and prevent a variety of ailments, doctors were still able to prescribe liquor to patients on a specially designed government prescription form that could be filled at any pharmacy. When medicinal whiskey stocks were low the government would increase its production. A significant amount of the prescription alcohol supplies were diverted from their intended destinations by bootleggers and corrupt individuals during prohibition.
Churches and clergy had a provision as well, which allowed them to receive wine for sacrament. This also led to corruption, as there are many accounts of people certifying themselves as ministers and rabbis in order to obtain and distribute large quantities of sacramental wine
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Messages : 297 Date d'inscription : 13/12/2013 Localisation : I ♥ CPH
| Sujet: Re: [TERMINÉ] HISTOIRE DETAILLEE DE LA PROHIBITION (JU) Mar 1 Avr - 13:32 | |
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Immediately after the 18th Amendment went into effect there was a dramatic decrease in alcohol consumption that made many advocates hopeful that it would be a success. In the early 20’s the consumption rate was 30% lower than it was before prohibition but later in the decade, as illegal supplies increased and a new generation began to ignore the law and reject the attitude of self-sacrifice, more Americans once again decided to indulge. In a sense, prohibition was a success if only for the fact that it took years after repeal before consumption rates reached those of pre-prohibition. Advocates for prohibition thought that once liquor licenses were revoked reform organizations and churches could persuade the American public not to drink, “liquor traffickers” would not oppose the new law and saloons would disappear. There were two schools of thought amongst prohibitionists. One group hoped to create educational campaigns and within 30 years American would be a drink free nation, however they never received the support they were looking for. The other group wanted to see vigorous enforcement that would essentially wipe out all alcohol supplies. This group was also disappointed as law enforcement could not get the support of the government they needed for an all-out enforcement campaign. During the depression the funding was not there and with only 1,500 agents nationwide they could not compete with the tens of thousands of individuals who either wanted to drink or wanted to profit from others drinking. The innovation of Americans to get what they want is evident in the resourcefulness used to obtain alcohol during prohibition. This era saw the rise of the speakeasy, home distiller, bootlegger, rum-runner and many of the gangster myths associated with it. Many rural Americans began to make their own hooch, ‘near’ beer and corn whiskey. Stills sprung up across the country and many people made a living during the depression, supplying neighbors with their moonshine. The mountains of the Appalachian states are famous for moonshiners and although it was decent enough to drink, the spirits that came out of these stills were often stronger than anything that could have been purchased before prohibition. The moonshine would often be used to fuel the cars and trucks that carried the illegal liquor to their distribution points and the police chases of these transports have become equally famous. With all of the amateur distillers and brewers trying their hand at the craft there are many accounts of things going wrong: stills blowing up, newly bottled beer exploding and alcohol poisoning. Rum-running also saw a revival as a trade in the United States. Liquor was smuggled in station wagons, trucks and boats from Mexico, Europe, Canada and the Caribbean. The term “The Real McCoy” came out of this era. It’s attributed to Captain William S. McCoy who facilitated most of the rum running via ships during prohibition and would never water down his imports, making his the “real” thing. McCoy, a non-drinker himself, began running rum from the Caribbean into Florida shortly after the beginning of prohibition. One encounter with the Coast Guard shortly thereafter stopped McCoy from completing runs on his own. The innovative McCoy set up a network of smaller ships that would meet his boat just outside U.S. waters and carry his supplies into the country. Speakeasies were underground bars that discreetly served patrons liquor, often including food service, live bands and shows. The term speakeasy is said to come from bartenders telling patrons to “speak easy” when ordering so as not to be overheard some 30 years before prohibition. Speakeasies were often unmarked establishments or were behind or underneath legal businesses. Corruption was rampant during the time and although raids were common, owners would bribe police officers to ignore their business or give them notice of when a raid was planned. While the "speakeasy" was often funded by organized crime and could be very elaborate and upscale, the "blind pig" was a dive for the less desirable drinker. Probably one of the most popular ideas of the time was that the mob held control of the majority of the illegal liquor trafficking. For the most part this is untrue, although in concentrated areas gangsters did run the liquor racket. Chicago was one of those cities where they did control distribution. At the beginning of prohibition the “Outfit” organized all of the local Chicago gangs and split the city and suburbs into areas, each of which would be controlled by a different gang who would handle the liquor sales within their district. Underground breweries and distilleries were hidden throughout the city. Beer could easily be produced and distributed to meet the demand of the city but because many liquors require aging the stills in Chicago Heights and on Taylor and Division streets could not produce fast enough and the majority of spirits were smuggled in from Canada. This distribution operation out of Chicago soon reached Milwaukee, Kentucky and Iowa. The Outfit would sell liquor to the lower gangs at wholesale prices and even though the agreements were meant to be set in stone, corruption was rampant and without the ability to resolve conflicts in the courts they often resorted to violence in retaliation. After Al Capone assumed control of the Outfit in 1925 one of the bloodiest gang wars in history ensued. While prohibition was originally intended to reduce beer consumption in particular, it ended up increasing the consumption of hard liquor. Brewing requires more space both in production and distribution than liquor, making it harder to conceal. This rise in the spirit consumption of the time played a big part in the martini and mixed drink culture that we’re familiar with and “fashion” we associate with the era. The reality, despite the prohibitionist's propaganda, is that prohibition was never really popular with the American public. Americans like to drink and there was even a rise in the number of women who drank during the era, which helped change the general perception of what it meant to be "respectable" (a term prohibitionists often used to refer to non-drinkers). It was also a logistical nightmare in terms of enforcement. There were never enough law enforcement officers to control all of the illegal operations associated with prohibition and many of the officials were themselves corrupt. It was one of the first acts taken by the Roosevelt administration to encourage changes to (and subsequently repeal) the 18th Amendment. It was a two-step process; the first was the Beer Revenue Act. This legalized beer and wine with alcohol content up to 3.2% alc/vol in April of 1933. The second step was to pass the 21st Amendment to the Constitution. With the words "The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed." Americans could once again drink legally and on December 5, 1933 the nationwide prohibition was over. The new laws left the matter of prohibition up to state governments. Mississippi was the last state to repeal prohibition in 1966 and all of the states have delegated the decision to prohibit or not to prohibit alcohol sales to local municipalities. Today many counties and towns in the country are still dry. Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Kansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Texas and Virginia have a high concentration of dry counties and in some places it is even illegal to transport alcohol through the jurisdiction. As a part of the repeal of prohibition the federal government enacted many of the regulatory statutes on the alcohol industry that are still in effect.
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Messages : 297 Date d'inscription : 13/12/2013 Localisation : I ♥ CPH
| Sujet: Re: [TERMINÉ] HISTOIRE DETAILLEE DE LA PROHIBITION (JU) Mar 1 Avr - 13:32 | |
| - Spoiler:
On January 16, 1920 the United States embarked on one of its greatest social experiments—the effort to prohibit within its borders the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. A year earlier, the 18th Amendment had been ratified by the states, setting the process in motion; the federal government had followed with enabling legislation, defining alcoholic drinks, establishing an enforcement procedure, and setting penalties for violators. The drive to prohibit the consumption of intoxicating beverages was not an American innovation. Most societies from antiquity shared a common desire to maintain stability and believed that drunkenness led too often to signs of alcoholism, impoverishment and the disintegration of families. Movements for temperance developed in many western countries, particularly in northern Europe. Public attitudes toward drinking were often much more accepting in the Mediterranean European countries. The First Reform Era in the pre-Civil War United States brought a host of social concerns to public attention. Beginning with an outburst of religious enthusiasm, the movement concentrated most notably on the abolition of slavery, but also on the punitive treatment of the mentally ill, the wretched conditions of prisoners and the growing toll taken by Demon Rum. By the 1830s, thousands of temperance societies, with hundreds of thousands of members, had been formed in the United States. Massachusetts, in 1838, crafted a law requiring the purchase of hard liquor to be made in large quantities; this measure was designed to make it more difficult for the laboring class to afford strong drink. A more far-reaching law was enacted by Maine in 1846, becoming the first to opt for statewide prohibition. Other towns and localities voted to become “dry,” as did a dozen other states. In succeeding years, most of those laws were either voided by court action or repealed. The stresses and privations of the Civil War later wiped out most of the few remaining gains made by the temperance movement. Following the war, relaxed standards of behavior and the growth of the liquor industry brought a massive increase in drunkenness and revived the social reformers. The political parties were timid; both the Republican and Democratic parties declined to nail prohibition planks onto their platforms. This omission provoked the inception of the Prohibition Party in 1869. That organization, the Woman`s Christian Temperance Union (1874) and lesser-known groups turned prohibition into a political issue. A sharpening of differences in American society gave added momentum to alcohol reform efforts. By the 1890s, a wide gulf separated urban and rural dwellers, as evidenced in differing positions on many economic issues of the day. Rural elements in the West and South viewed the rapidly expanding cities with alarm. The urban centers were the home of easily available alcohol and host of other vices. Immigration of this era was largely from southern and eastern Europe where prohibition movements had made little headway. Further, many of the recently arrived city dwellers were Roman Catholics, making them all the more suspect in the eyes of old line Christian evangelicals. Suspicion of city life reached its height during the era of the muckrakers, whose writings detailed the corruption and depravity of urban America. New organizations, like the Anti-Saloon League (1893), began on the local level to induce towns, cities, and counties to go dry. In 1913, they launched a national drive for a constitutional amendment prohibiting the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. This effort, however, failed to garner the necessary support in the House of Representatives. Despite that national failure, state legislatures came increasingly under the control of prohibition supporters. During World War I, prohibition advocates buttressed their cause through the Food and Fuel Control Act (1917), which contained a section prohibiting manufacture of distilled liquor, beer, and wine. Support was given to this measure by non-prohibitionists who were convinced that grain production should be devoted to food, not drink, during wartime. Moreover, the 1917 Reed Amendment to the Webb-Kenyon Act made it unlawful to use the mails to send liquor advertisements to persons in dry territory. In December 1917, Congress began the Constitutional amendment process by passing a resolution that would make the entire country dry. Many states did not wait for ratification and 31 adopted statewide laws supporting prohibition. In the end, however, prohibition was a manifest failure. Bootlegging, defined as the unlawful manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages without registration or payment of taxes, became widespread and a staple of organized crime. Home stills sprouted up both in isolated places and the bathtubs of posh homes. Illegal drinking establishments, dubbed "speakeasies," sprang up in many parts of the country, especially large cities. Concealment of alcohol on one`s person became an artform. Methods from hollow canes to hollow books were used. Enforcement of prohibition was an extremely difficult, costly, and often violent proposition for law enforcement from the local to federal level. In 1932, the Republican and Democratic party platforms called for repeal of prohibition, subject to the will of the people. The Congress passed a resolution proposing repeal in 1933, and it was promptly ratified by three-fourths of the states before year’s end. The 21st Amendment remains as the only amendment repealing a previously adopted one.
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| Sujet: Re: [TERMINÉ] HISTOIRE DETAILLEE DE LA PROHIBITION (JU) Mer 2 Avr - 12:23 | |
| INTRODUCTION Le 16 Janvier 1920, les Etats-Unis embarquent dans l’un de ses plus grandes expériences sociales. Un an plus tôt, le XVIIIe Amendement fût ratifié par les Etats, mettait ainsi en place un processus en constant mouvement : en établissant cette loi, le Gouvernement Fédéral définit la notion de boisson alcoolique, établit une procédure d’exécution et de renforcement, et mit en place des condamnations pour tous les violateurs de cette loi. La Prohibition dans les années 20 à 30 aux Etats-Unis est l’une des périodes la plus connue, ou moins connues, de l’Histoire américaine. Le but : réduire la consommation d’alcool en éliminant les entreprises qui la produisait, la distribuait et la vendait. Considérée par beaucoup comme un échec politique et social, cette ère changea tout de même la vision de beaucoup d’américains sur les boissons alcooliques, réalisant que le contrôle du gouvernement fédéral ne pouvait pas toujours prendre la place de la responsabilité individuelle.
Nous associons cette ère avec les gangsters, les contrebandiers d’alcool, les speakeasies et, dans l’ensemble, une situation chaotique. La période commença en 1920, après acceptation générale, et termina en 1933 dans un ennui collectif de la loi et un renforcement de plus en plus drastique.
Dernière édition par Nederland / Maarten le Jeu 3 Avr - 8:08, édité 2 fois |
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Messages : 297 Date d'inscription : 13/12/2013 Localisation : I ♥ CPH
| Sujet: Re: [TERMINÉ] HISTOIRE DETAILLEE DE LA PROHIBITION (JU) Mer 2 Avr - 17:33 | |
| I. ORIGINES DE LA PROHIBITION L’interdiction de la consommation de boissons intoxicantes (voyez là toute boisson nuisant à la santé), n’était pas une innovation américaine. La plupart des sociétés de l’Antiquité partageait un désir commun de maintenir la stabilité de leur peuple et croyait que l’ébriété menait le plus souvent à l’alcoolisme notoire, à l’appauvrissent et à la désintégration des familles. Des mouvements de Tempérance se développèrent dans beaucoup de pays occidentaux et particulièrement en Europe du Nord alors que l’opinion publique dans les pays méditerranéens tendaient à mieux les accepter. La Première Ère de Réforme précédant la Guerre Civile développa chez le public une attention toute particulière au sujet de ce problème social. Elle commença par une vague de revivalisme religieux qui balaya les États-Unis, menant à l’augmentation des appels à la « modération » aussi bien qu’à des mouvements « perfectionnismes » tels que l’abolition de l’esclavage mais aussi le traitement punitif des malades mentaux, les conditions misérables de détention des prisonniers et les dégâts provoqués par le Demon Rum (personnification, par les mouvements de Tempérance, de toutes les horreurs provoquées par l’alcool. Litt : « Démon du Rhum »). Dans les années 1830, des milliers d’Association de Tempérance, composées de centaines de milliers d’adhérents, s’étaient formés aux États-Unis. En 1838, l’État du Massachusetts fît passer une « Loi de Tempérance » bannissant la vente de spiritueux d’un volume de moins de 15 gallons (environ 57 L), empêchant ainsi la classe ouvrière de se fournir en alcool fort. Bien que la loi fût abrogée deux ans plus tard, elle fut considérée comme sans précédent. En 1846, l’État du Maine vote la première loi de Prohibition et nombre d’autres États suivirent son exemple lorsque la Guerre Civile commença en 1861. Suite à la guerre, un comportement général relâché et la montée en puissance des industries de liqueur amenèrent une augmentation massive de l’ébriété dans la population et raviva la conviction des réformateurs. Ceux-ci voulaient, en cas ne nouvelle guerre, que les soldats soient "opérationnels" et sobres. Les partis politiques, timides face à ce constat, déclinèrent l’intégration dans leurs programmes de campagne de toute idée de prohibition. Cette omission provoqua la formation du Parti de la Prohibition en 1869. Cette organisation, l’Union des Femmes Chrétiennes pour la Tempérance (1874) ainsi que des groupes mineurs, firent de la Prohibition un enjeu politique car ils voyaient en l’alcool une force destructrice des familles et des mariages en plus de provoquer maladies, crimes et meurtres. De plus, beaucoup d’industriels soutenaient la Prohibition dans leur désir de prévenir les accidents provoqués par les ouvriers buvant pendant la pause déjeuner et d’augmenter leur efficacité, ceci dans le seul but d’accélérer la production et étendre les heures de travail. En 1906, une nouvelle vague d’attaques menées par la Ligue Anti-Saloon (1893) débuta sur la vente des liqueurs. Cette Ligue voyait la « culture du Saloon » comme corrompue et impie, surtout les Femmes qui voyaient cet endroit comme un lieu diabolique et de débauche. En 1913, ils se lancèrent dans la conduite d’un Amendement national interdisant la fabrication et la vente de boissons alcooliques. Cet effort n’eut cependant pas le support nécessaire de la Chambre des Représentants. Malgré cet échec national, la législation des États croula sous le poids des soutiens populaires de la Prohibition. Au début du XXème siècle, la Ligue de Tempérance était installée dans presque tous les États. En 1916, plus de la moitié des États-Unis avaient prohibé l’alcool.
Dernière édition par Danmark / Søren le Mer 2 Avr - 19:03, édité 1 fois |
| | | THE KING IN THE NORTH admin à la hache
Messages : 297 Date d'inscription : 13/12/2013 Localisation : I ♥ CPH
| Sujet: Re: [TERMINÉ] HISTOIRE DETAILLEE DE LA PROHIBITION (JU) Mer 2 Avr - 17:34 | |
| II. ADOPTION DU XVIIIème AMENDEMENT ET CONSEQUENCES Le XVIIIème Amendement à la Constitution américaine fût ratifié par trente-six Etats le 16 Janvier 1919 et prit effet un an plus tard. Le contenu intégral de cet Amendement est le suivant : XVIIIe amendement (proposé le 18 décembre 1917, ratifié le 16 janvier 1919) Section 1 Seront prohibés, un an après la ratification du présent article, la fabrication, la vente ou le transport des boissons alcooliques à l'intérieur du territoire des États-Unis et de tout territoire soumis à leur juridiction, ainsi que l'importation desdites boissons dans ces territoires ou leur exportation hors de ces territoires. Section 2 Le Congrès et les divers États auront concurremment le pouvoir de donner effet au présent article par une législation appropriée. Section 3 Le présent article sera inopérant s'il n'est ratifié comme amendement à la Constitution par les législatures des divers États, de la manière prévue dans la Constitution, dans les sept années qui suivront la date de sa présentation aux États par le Congrès. Bien que ce fût le XVIIIème amendement qui établit la Prohibition, ce fût le Volstead Act (passé le 28 Octobre 1919) qui la clarifia. Le Volstead Act entendait par « bière, vin, ou autre boissons intoxicantes à base de malte et liqueurs vineuses » toute boisson contenant plus de 0.5% d’alcool en volume. Par ailleurs, il précisait l’illégalité de la fabrication d’alcool et mit en plus des amendes et sentences carcérales spécifiques pour qui violerait la Prohibition. (cf justice) Malgré plusieurs interdictions, le Volstead Act garantissait plusieurs cas spéciaux dans lesquels l’alcool était autorisé à la consommation : - Pour la consommation personnelle : si l’alcool n’est pas vendu mais consommé chez soit lors d’un repas entre amis par exemple et s’il n’est pas emporté hors de la maison, il est légal (de fait, beaucoup d’américains ont fait leurs stocks durant l’année qui passa entre la ratification et l’effet de la loi) - S'il est prescrit par un médecin : inutile de dire que les prescriptions de ce genre ont explosé, bien que le whisky et le brandy furent retirés de la Pharmacopée des Etats-Unis d’Amériques en 1916. Avec ceci, un certain nombre de ces prescriptions fût détourné par les contrebandiers pour servir la corruption. - L’Eglise fût aussi intégrée à cette faille qui autorisa le vin de messe pour les sacrements. Ceci aussi aida significativement la corruption tout autant qu’il y avait une large population assurant être rabbins ou prêtres afin d’obtenir et de distribuer une large quantité de vin sacré. Le président Harding lui-même se verra ainsi dans l'obligation d'écrire un communiqué directement adressé au Vatican en 1921 afin d'assurer qu'un quota d'alcool serait attribué à chaque État pour les rituels religieux Les autorisations spéciales du Volstead Act, trop restrictives à ses trois cas, conduisirent à des débordements, à la fabrication illégale et à la contrebande normalisée qui s’étendirent sur toute la période de la Prohibition dans l’ignorance générale de la loi, jusqu’à la ratification du XXIème Amendement. (voir vie sous la prohibition). |
| | | THE KING IN THE NORTH admin à la hache
Messages : 297 Date d'inscription : 13/12/2013 Localisation : I ♥ CPH
| Sujet: Re: [TERMINÉ] HISTOIRE DETAILLEE DE LA PROHIBITION (JU) Mer 2 Avr - 17:34 | |
| III. FIN DE LA PROHIBITION Immédiatement après la prise d’effet du XVIIIème Amendement, une rapide baisse de la consommation d’alcool fit croire aux millitants pro-Prohibition que cette loi serait un succès. Au début des Années 20, le taux de consommation d’alcool était de 30% plus bas qu’avant. Cependant, avec les marchés noirs en constante hausse, la nouvelle génération commença à ignorer la loi et à rejeter l’attitude d’auto-sacrifice. Des organisations se formèrent alors afin de la faire abroger. Comme l’utopie promise par la Ligue de Tempérance échoua, plus d’alliés rejoignirent le combat pour faire revenir l’alcool. Le Mouvement Anti-Prohibition gagna en force dans les Années 20, clamant que la question de la consommation d’alcool devrait être un problème géré au niveau local et non être une affaire de Constitution. Alors que la Prohibition fût originellement mise en place afin de réduire la consommation de bière particulièrement, elle termina se termina par une montée en flèche de la consommation des alcools forts. Brasser de la bière requièrait plus d’espace aussi bien dans la production que dans la distribution ce qui la rendit difficile à cacher des autorités. L’augmentation de la consommation de spiritueux joua un grand rôle dans la culture des « martini and mixed drink » que nous connaissons aujourd’hui particulièrement bien avec les cocktails et dans l’effet de mode que nous associons avec cette période. La réalité, malgré tout la propagande prohibitionniste (souvent référée à « ceux qui ne boivent pas »), fût que la Prohibition ne fût jamais vraiment populaire auprès du public américain, autant chez les hommes que chez les femmes qui se mirent tout autant à boire que ses messieurs, ce qui changea considérablement la notion de ce qui était « respectable » à l’époque. La Prohibition fût également un véritable cauchemar logistique dans le sens où il n’y eut jamais assez de renforcement et d’exécution puisque la plupart des agents appliqués à cette lourde tâche étaient eux-mêmes corrompus. Sans compter le fait qu'elle engendra un lourd chômage dans des classes populaires déjà en difficulté. En 1932, les partis Républicain et Démocrate appelèrent à l’abrogation de la Prohibition. Devant toutes ces failles, l’administration de Roosevelt encouragea le changement (et l’abrogation du XVIIIème Amendement) en deux étapes : - Par le Beer Revenue Act ou Blaine Act d’Avril 1933 qui légalisa la bière et le vin jusqu’à 3.2% d’alcool par volume. - Par le passage du XIXème Amendement que le Congrès accepta. Le XIXème Amendement reste le seul amendement abrogeant un autre adopté précédemment : XXIe amendement (proposé le 20 février 1933, ratifié le 5 décembre 1933) Section 1 Le Dix-huitième amendement à la Constitution est abrogé. Section 2 Le transport ou l'importation dans tout État, territoire ou possession des États-Unis, de boissons alcooliques destinées à y être livrées ou consommées, en violation des lois y existant, sont interdits. Section 3 Le présent article sera inopérant, s'il n'est ratifié comme amendement à la Constitution par les divers États assemblés en convention ainsi qu'il est prévu dans la Constitution, dans les sept années qui suivront la date de sa soumission aux États par le Congrès. Les américains purent à nouveau boire en toute légalité et, le 5 Décembre 1933, la Prohibition nationale était terminée. |
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| Sujet: Re: [TERMINÉ] HISTOIRE DETAILLEE DE LA PROHIBITION (JU) Jeu 3 Avr - 8:51 | |
| màj Intro / I.
Dis-moi si c'est français mon truc parce qu'à force d'être dessus je n'y vois plus très clair. xD |
| | | Petit Iceberg te submergera !
Messages : 61 Date d'inscription : 27/03/2014 Localisation : Zone contaminée
| Sujet: Re: [TERMINÉ] HISTOIRE DETAILLEE DE LA PROHIBITION (JU) Jeu 3 Avr - 9:39 | |
| Je t'ai corrigé les coquilles qui trainaient et mis en couleur un paragraphe qui revient deux fois ^^ Sinon, est-ce qu'on précisera aussi que le but était que les soldats ne picolent pas, histoire d'être prêts au combat en cas de reprise de la guerre ? |
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| Sujet: Re: [TERMINÉ] HISTOIRE DETAILLEE DE LA PROHIBITION (JU) Jeu 3 Avr - 9:44 | |
| Ah oui. Yes. Pardon ! Je vais le rajouter. Me semblait que je l'avais écrit quelque part. |
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| Sujet: Re: [TERMINÉ] HISTOIRE DETAILLEE DE LA PROHIBITION (JU) Jeu 3 Avr - 10:54 | |
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| Sujet: Re: [TERMINÉ] HISTOIRE DETAILLEE DE LA PROHIBITION (JU) | |
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| | | | [TERMINÉ] HISTOIRE DETAILLEE DE LA PROHIBITION (JU) | |
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